{"id":1542,"date":"2019-04-24T00:44:12","date_gmt":"2019-04-23T22:44:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/france-ohada-droit.com\/?p=1542"},"modified":"2019-05-02T17:22:02","modified_gmt":"2019-05-02T15:22:02","slug":"the-global-reach-of-us-law-enforcement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/france-ohada-droit.com\/index.php\/2019\/04\/24\/the-global-reach-of-us-law-enforcement\/","title":{"rendered":"The Global Reach of US Law Enforcement"},"content":{"rendered":"

Harry <\/span>Sandick<\/span> & Jeff <\/span>Kinkle<\/span>, <\/span>The<\/span> Global Reach of US Law Enforcement<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n

New <\/span>York Law Journal Dec. 7, 2018<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Note de lecture, <\/span><\/p>\n

Faustin Ekollo<\/span>, docteur en droit<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

“<\/i><\/b>Un double mouvement invers\u00e9”<\/i><\/b> : c\u2019est le tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressant constat que font les deux auteurs de l\u2019article comment\u00e9. <\/span>L<\/span>\u2019acc\u00e8s aux tribunaux am\u00e9ricains est de plus en plus ferm\u00e9 aux demandeurs \u00e9trangers, au point de finir par ressembler \u00e0 un ruisseau. <\/span>D<\/span>ans le m\u00eame temps, le flot des poursuites extraterritoriales du Minist\u00e8re de la justice US (traduction approximative de <\/span>Department<\/span> of Justice, DOJ<\/span>),\u00a0 <\/span>pour diverses<\/span> all\u00e9gations d\u2019infraction,\u00a0 prend des allures <\/span>d\u2019Amazone<\/span> (le fleuve, pas l\u2019entreprise GAFAM). <\/span><\/p>\n

Dans l<\/span>e sens restrictif, nos lecteurs africains se rappellent l\u2019affaire <\/span>Kiobel<\/span> v Royal Dutch Petroleum (Shell)<\/span><\/em><\/strong> en 2013. L<\/span>a Cour supr\u00eame US avait r\u00e9ussi l\u2019exploit d\u2019int\u00e9resser et d\u2019\u00e9nerver toute la grande presse du continent africain, au-del\u00e0 des experts, par une d\u00e9cision de rejet. Le dossier avait suscit\u00e9 plus de cent cinquante conclusions d\u2019intervention \u00a0<\/span>d\u2019<\/span>amicus <\/span>cur<\/span>i<\/span>ae<\/span><\/em>\u00a0; cette liste <\/span>d\u2019amici<\/span> comprenait des nations, des universit\u00e9s, des prix Nobel, des universitaires, des ONG, des leaders d\u2019opinion, des entreprises multinationales, des agences de l\u2019ONU\u2026 On peut en prendre connaissance (avec le texte des conclusions) dans un blog de la Cour supr\u00eame am\u00e9ricaine <\/span>Scotus<\/span><\/a>. <\/span><\/p>\n

Encore dans le sens de la fermeture, nos lecteurs europ\u00e9ens se rappellent le toll\u00e9 provoqu\u00e9 par la Cour supr\u00eame US en tranchant contre la Communaut\u00e9 europ\u00e9enne dans l\u2019affaire <\/span>Nabisco v <\/span>European<\/span> Community<\/span><\/em><\/strong> (2016), alors que l\u2019action europ\u00e9enne \u00e9tait fond\u00e9e sur des preuves irr\u00e9futables et massives de pratiques tombant sous le coup de divers textes en Europe et sous le coup du <\/span>RICO <\/span><\/em><\/strong>am\u00e9ricain. Ce <\/span>Racketeer<\/span> Influenced<\/span> and <\/span>Corrupt<\/span> Organizations <\/span>Act<\/span><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0est de tr\u00e8s loin le plus important \u00a0texte r\u00e9pressif concernant l\u2019\u00e9conomie et la finance aux Etats-Unis\u00a0; il permet de lutter contre la criminalit\u00e9 organis\u00e9e et\/ou subtile. Dans l\u2019affaire Nabisco, le RICO \u00e9tait mille fois applicable, comme le reconna\u00eet le juge <\/span>Alito<\/span> qui a r\u00e9dig\u00e9 la position de la Cour supr\u00eame. Mais, le pr\u00e9judice n\u2019avait pas de lien avec les Etats-Unis\u00a0: <\/span><\/p>\n

\n

Section 1964(c) requires a civil RICO plaintiff to allege and prove a domestic injury to business or property and does not allow recovery for foreign injuries. The application of this rule in any given case will not always be <\/span>selfevident<\/span>, as disputes may arise as to whether a particular alleged injury is \u201cforeign\u201d or \u201cdomestic.\u201d But we need not concern ourselves with that question in this case. As this case was being briefed before this Court, respondents filed a stipulation in the District Court waiving their damages claims for domestic injuries. The District Court accepted this waiver and dismissed those claims with prejudice. Respondents\u2019 remaining RICO damages claims therefore rest entirely on injury suffered abroad and must be dismissed.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Les deux auteurs de l\u2019article au New York Law Journal rel\u00e8vent que cette tendance de la Cour supr\u00eame am\u00e9ricaine \u00e0 la fermeture judiciaire \u00a0du territoire am\u00e9ricain aux demandeurs \u00e9trangers a commenc\u00e9 avec l\u2019affaire <\/span>Morrison v National <\/span>Australia<\/span> Bank Ltd<\/span><\/em><\/strong>, en 2010. Dans un revirement d\u2019une rare brutalit\u00e9, \u00e0 l\u2019unanimit\u00e9, les juges \u00e0 la Cour supr\u00eame US ne voyaient pas (plus) en quoi on pouvait poursuivre des sujets de droit \u00e9tranger aux Etats-Unis pour des infractions boursi\u00e8res \u00e9videntes, importantes et nombreuses commises en Australie et en Floride, en violation du <\/span>Exchange <\/span>Act<\/span> de 1934, \u00a0du moment o\u00f9 les cons\u00e9quences ne touchaient pas le territoire am\u00e9ricain. <\/span><\/p>\n

Dans l\u2019arr\u00eat <\/span>Kiobel<\/span>, comme dans l\u2019arr\u00eat Morrison, c\u2019est l\u2019<\/em><\/strong><\/span>Alien Tort <\/span>Act<\/span><\/em><\/strong> \u00a0(28 U.S.C. \u00a7 1350) que la Cour supr\u00eame fait tomber en d\u00e9su\u00e9tude. <\/span>Depuis<\/span> 1789, <\/span>ce<\/span> texte<\/span> pr\u00e9voit<\/span>\u00a0:<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action by an alien for a tort only, committed in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the United States. <\/span>[Voir Zachary D. Clopton, Kiobel<\/span> and the Law of Nations<\/span><\/em><\/strong>, 107, American Journal of Int\u2019l Law 2013, pp 1-4]<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

De mani\u00e8re disproportionnellement inverse, le moindre indice ou soup\u00e7on d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ment constitutif d\u2019infraction, m\u00eame en liaison infinit\u00e9simale ou douteuse avec les Etats-Unis, est utilis\u00e9 pour proc\u00e9der \u00e0 des poursuites extraterritoriales contre des personnes morales ou des citoyens solvables d\u2019autres nations. Nos lecteurs fran\u00e7ais ont encore sur l\u2019estomac l\u2019affaire BNP<\/em><\/strong> qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 abondamment qualifi\u00e9e de racket par la presse fran\u00e7aise, tous bords confondus\u2026 Et si l\u2019article du New York Law Journal avait \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9dig\u00e9 en 2019, il aurait sans doute relev\u00e9 les poursuites am\u00e9ricaines \u00e0 travers une demande d\u2019extradition par le Canada contre la directrice financi\u00e8re de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 <\/span>Huawei<\/span><\/em><\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ces tr\u00e8s mauvaises mani\u00e8res commencent \u00e0 changer fondamentalement les relations des Etats-Unis avec les pays qui leur \u00e9taient particuli\u00e8rement proches. L\u2019article comment\u00e9 signale que la High Court<\/em><\/strong> de Londres a refus\u00e9 une extradition vers les Etats-Unis, \u00a0dans \u00a0une d\u00e9cision retentissante dont l\u2019article cite la version (au ton mod\u00e9r\u00e9) fournie par le Financial Times du 31 juill. <\/span>2018\u00a0:<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

[M]<\/span>ost<\/span> of the harm took place in the U.K., not the United States, and that the trader had no significant connection or links with the United States other than working for an international bank, making extradition not in the interests of justice.\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, depuis quatre ou cinq ans, une tendance se dessine contre l\u2019extraterritorialit\u00e9 am\u00e9ricaine, m\u00eame au Royaume-Uni. Pour la seule ann\u00e9e 2018, c\u2019est la seconde fois que la justice britannique refuse une demande d\u2019extradition faite par les autorit\u00e9s am\u00e9ricaines. La premi\u00e8re affaire avait \u00e9t\u00e9 encore plus m\u00e9diatis\u00e9e puisqu\u2019il s\u2019agissait, cette fois-ci d\u2019une affaire qui concernait massivement les Etats-Unis et leur s\u00e9curit\u00e9. En effet, un jeune britannique (affaire <\/span>Lauri Love<\/span><\/em><\/strong>) \u00e9tait accus\u00e9 d\u2019avoir mont\u00e9 des cyberattaques contre le FBI, le Pentagone ou la Nasa<\/em><\/strong>. Il \u00e9tait indiscutable que les cons\u00e9quences de ces s\u00e9rieuses infractions avaient <\/span>pleinement touch\u00e9 les Etats-Unis. \u00a0Mais la justice britannique a estim\u00e9, sur de simples raisons de commodit\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00eatre jug\u00e9 sur place et de vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 mentale, qu\u2019il n\u2019y avait pas lieu \u00e0 extradition, en pr\u00e9cisant surtout qu\u2019il n\u2019\u00e9tait m\u00eame pas n\u00e9cessaire de recourir aux articles 3 et 8 de la Convention europ\u00e9enne des Droit de l\u2019Homme\u00a0: High Court, <\/span>[2018] EWHC 172 (Admin)Case No: CO\/5994\/2016<\/span><\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cela pourrait \u00eatre une r\u00e9ponse du berger \u00e0 la berg\u00e8re. En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, il vaut mieux retenir que la Cour supr\u00eame am\u00e9ricaine va doublement \u00e0 contre-courant des \u00e9volutions internationales majeures<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u2019une part, diff\u00e9rentes nations d\u00e9cident d\u00e9sormais de ne plus extrader leurs nationaux \u00a0ou de donner priorit\u00e9 aux tribunaux nationaux. <\/span><\/p>\n

D\u2019autre part, les grandes nations ouvrent l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 leurs tribunaux pour des actes commis \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger\u00a0pour \u00e9viter les risques de d\u00e9ni de justice<\/span>. C\u2019est<\/span> le cas de plusieurs juridictions canadiennes (G\u00e9nevi\u00e8ve Saumier, <\/span>L\u2019ouverture r\u00e9cente des tribunaux canadiens aux poursuites dirig\u00e9es contre les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s m\u00e8res pour les pr\u00e9judices caus\u00e9s par leurs filiales \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger<\/span><\/em><\/strong>, <\/span>Rev<\/span>. <\/span>Crit<\/span>. DIP 2018, 775).<\/span> C<\/span>\u2019est<\/span> \u00e9galement<\/span> le cas en Europe avec l\u2019article 6 de la Convention europ\u00e9enne des droits de l\u2019homme<\/span>. <\/span>C\u2019est le cas en particulier en France, avec le nouvel article L. 225-102-4 du Code de commerce issu de la loi <\/span>n\u00b0 2017-399 du 27 mars 2017<\/span> qui institue une comp\u00e9tence universelle en mati\u00e8re de violation des droits de l\u2019homme dans le cadre de la responsabilit\u00e9 sociale de l\u2019entreprise (soci\u00e9t\u00e9-m\u00e8re), \u00e0 certaines conditions<\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Certes, on note <\/span>le b\u00e9mol de l\u2019affaire <\/span>Na\u00eft<\/span>-Liman<\/span> c Suisse<\/span><\/em><\/strong>, dans laquelle la CEDH a publi\u00e9 un communiqu\u00e9 <\/span>de presse <\/span>embarrass\u00e9\u00a0; <\/span>il faut aussi r\u00e9server <\/span>l\u2019affaire <\/span>Comilog<\/span><\/em><\/strong> dans un contexte de <\/span>Fran\u00e7afrique<\/span> (<\/span>voir E. <\/span>Pataut<\/span>, <\/span>D\u00e9ni de justice et comp\u00e9tence internationale<\/span><\/em><\/strong>, note sous Soc. 14 sept. 2017, n\u00b0 15-26737 et n\u00b0 15-26738, <\/span>Rev<\/span>. <\/span>Crit<\/span>. DIP 2018, 267). <\/span><\/p>\n

Mais, en comparaison, <\/span>rappelons une affaire de 1998-1999<\/span> en Italie<\/span>\u00a0; un \u00a0pilote militaire am\u00e9ricain \u00a0avait coup\u00e9 un <\/span>c\u00e2ble<\/span> de t\u00e9l\u00e9ph\u00e9rique avec son avion, en volant \u00e0 moins de 100 m\u00e8tres de hauteur, provoquant la chute de la cabine et le d\u00e9c\u00e8s de vingt personnes. <\/span>Les autorit\u00e9s am\u00e9ricaines l\u2019exfiltr\u00e8rent<\/span>, ainsi que le navigateur, dans des conditions <\/span>exp\u00e9ditives et <\/span>douteuses, vers les Etats-Unis<\/span>\u00a0: <\/span>la justice am\u00e9ricaine l<\/span>e lava<\/span> de tout reproche<\/span>, <\/span>d\u00e9clenchant des <\/span>manifestations de <\/span>sentiments extr\u00eames dans toute l\u2019Italie.<\/span> C\u2019est donc cette logique imp\u00e9rial<\/span>e <\/span>profonde \u00a0qui semble guider la justice am\u00e9ricaine dans ses paradoxes apparents.<\/span><\/p>\n

__________________________<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Tag<\/span> – Global <\/span>Reach<\/span> of US Law <\/span>Enforcement<\/span>, poursuites extraterritoriales, affaire <\/span>kiobel<\/span>, intervention d\u2019<\/span>amicus<\/span> curia<\/span> dans un proc\u00e8s, <\/span>Racketeer<\/span> Influenced<\/span> and <\/span>Corrupt<\/span> Organizations<\/span>Act<\/span>\u00a0 RICO, D\u00e9ni de justice et comp\u00e9tence internationale<\/span>, Alien Tort <\/span>Act<\/span> \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

R\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/span> \u2013 le long bras extraterritorial de la justice am\u00e9ricaine est imp\u00e9rialiste avec deux poids et deux mesures<\/p>\n

Membres permanents du site France <\/span>Ohada<\/span> Droit<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 <\/span>Monsieur Amadou Diallo, secr\u00e9taire g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de <\/span>la <\/span>Cour supr\u00eame de Mauritanie<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2022 <\/span>Ma\u00eetre Patricia SUID VANHEMELRYCK, avocat \u00e0 Nice<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2022 <\/span>Ma\u00eetre Mamadou THIOYE SOW, <\/span>notaire \u00e0 Nouakchott<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2022 <\/span>Ma\u00eetre Thierry Serra, Avocat \u00e0 Paris<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2022 <\/span>Faustin \u00a0EKOLLO, docteur en droit, secr\u00e9taire du site<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2022 <\/span>Association \u00a0<\/span>alaistithmar<\/span> fi <\/span>muritania<\/span> investir en Mauritanie, <\/span>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/div>\n

Publi\u00e9 in <\/span>France <\/span>Ohada<\/span> droit<\/span>, notes de lecture, \u00a0avril <\/span>2019<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Harry Sandick & Jeff Kinkle, The Global Reach of US Law Enforcement New York Law Journal Dec. 7, 2018 Note de lecture, Faustin Ekollo, docteur en droit “Un double mouvement invers\u00e9” : c\u2019est le tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressant constat que font les deux auteurs de l\u2019article comment\u00e9. L\u2019acc\u00e8s aux tribunaux am\u00e9ricains est de plus en plus ferm\u00e9 aux demandeurs \u00e9trangers, au point de finir par ressembler \u00e0 un ruisseau. Dans le m\u00eame temps, le [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[15],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe Global Reach of US Law Enforcement - France Ohada Droit<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/france-ohada-droit.com\/index.php\/2019\/04\/24\/the-global-reach-of-us-law-enforcement\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Global Reach of US Law Enforcement - France Ohada Droit\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Harry Sandick & Jeff Kinkle, The Global Reach of US Law Enforcement New York Law Journal Dec. 7, 2018 Note de lecture, Faustin Ekollo, docteur en droit “Un double mouvement invers\u00e9” : c\u2019est le tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressant constat que font les deux auteurs de l\u2019article comment\u00e9. L\u2019acc\u00e8s aux tribunaux am\u00e9ricains est de plus en plus ferm\u00e9 aux demandeurs \u00e9trangers, au point de finir par ressembler \u00e0 un ruisseau. 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L\u2019acc\u00e8s aux tribunaux am\u00e9ricains est de plus en plus ferm\u00e9 aux demandeurs \u00e9trangers, au point de finir par ressembler \u00e0 un ruisseau. 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